The High Cost of Junk Foods Essay Example For Students

The High Cost of Junk Foods Essay It is 9oclock around evening time, you went to class from 8am to 12pm and afterward you went to work from 1pm to 9pm what is the principal thing at the forefront of your thoughts; cooking, schoolwork, McDonalds for sure about simply rest. This is a normal day for me consistently and the main thing I consider is getting my shoes off and simply plunking down to unwind. I don’t want to remain over an oven or making anything my first idea is the drive-through for a quick and simple feast. The time is takes to go shopping for food contrasted with sitting in my vehicle and trusting that my food will be given to me is a major contrast. Consider the looking for an hour or two and afterward you need to return home to empty some goods you just purchased contrasted with simply conveying a solitary paper pack in and eating at that moment no preparing, heat in your face and no dishes to wash at long last. We will compose a custom paper on The High Cost of Junk Foods explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Too looking at the expense of your bill toward the finish of that shopping trip and toward the finish of that drive-through will be a major distinction. At the point when you are â€Å"dirt poor† or close â€Å"dirt poor† you check each penny you might have and taking a gander at the comprehensive view the drive-through looks shabbier and simpler. I believe that there are a wide range of perspectives to this subject, you spend a great deal now on staple goods however you have food to last you for about fourteen days or much progressively, at that point burning through $10 or $15 consistently for one or perhaps more suppers in only one day. Additionally one other point is shoddy nourishment, chips, treats, brownies and so on.; appear to be so much cheape.

Observation and Child Free Essays

Date of Observation: 26th January 2012 Time began and completed of perception 09. 40-10. 00 Number of youngsters present: 16 Number of grown-ups present: Two childcare laborer two understudies (Including me the eyewitness) Permission got from: Supervisor Description of setting: This perception occurred in a pre-school in a town in the midlands. We will compose a custom paper test on Perception and Child or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now It occurred in a morning meeting in the pre â€school class. It provides food for a long time and a half year to class going age. The pre-school is open from 9. 30 am†12. 30pm Monday to Friday and provides food for 18 youngsters. It is one enormous room all female staff. Quick setting: The perception occurred in the enormous play room. This is an enormous vaporous live with a lot of beautiful toys. The room can suit an aggregate of 18 kids and there are 15 present today. Brief depiction of the kid watched: TC is a female multi year and multi month old. TC four years of age sister goes to the pre-school. TC mother runs the pre-school. TC has earthy colored hair. TC father works all day. TC lives with the two guardians, TC is sitting at a table for the greater part of this perception playing with a van, digger and a truck. Point of perception: The point of this perception is to watch a TC for a time of 20 minutes so as to see TC enthusiastic advancement in the free stream play of a kid 3 years and three months. I would trust over the 20 minutes that the kid has enthusiastic create. My own focus on this perception is to figure out how they are done and enhance my perception aptitudes and to improve as an onlooker. Strategy: Narrative Media utilized: Pen and paper Evaluation: The point of the perception is to watch the physical advancement of a kid that is 3 years and one month. Individual learning: The perception strategy functioned admirably for the physical turn of events, particular when she was playing at the table. Perception. The story technique was a decent to use to watch the kid developments . The account technique prepared me to watch the kid and to hear them out to get the youngster physical turns of events. The account strategy gives a ton of data about the kid. I don’t think the pre-school impact the kid to create. Suggestion: perceptions are significant as they can get on any troubles the kid might be having regardless of how little it could be. I watched the kid all around and saw in doing her playing expressed on my story perception. If I somehow managed to pick game utilizing squares with the goal that a youngster would have the option to develop them. This would show a kid fine engine abilities. This was my first perception to do and it went well indeed and I am exceptionally content with it. For the following perception I will be progressively arranged, and I know when the best time is to do a perception. Catalog: Flood E (2010) kid advancement for understudies in Ireland. Dublin: Gill Macmillan The most effective method to refer to Observation and Child, Essays

Kants Notion Of Duty And The Role Of Feelings In Moral Conduct Essay

Kant's Notion Of Duty And The Role Of Feelings In Moral Conduct Essay Kant's Notion Of Duty And The Role Of Feelings In Moral Conduct â€" Essay Example > ‘In his paper “The Conscience of Huckleberry Finn”, Jonathan Bennett seems to suggest that acting on sentiment or fellow feeling is generally superior to acting from principles of duty’IntroductionThe primary goal of this essay is to establish the researcher’s position on the above issue. The essay includes a critical analysis of whether actions based on emotions and feelings surpass those sanctioned by moral obligation. The case study of this research is Bennett’s discourse, The Conscience of Huckleberry Finn. The research includes as well a review of Kant’s deontology â€" duty ethics with specific focus on how it relates to two of the characters in the case study. Emotions and choice of actionJonathan Bennett's notion as illustrated in ‘The Conscience of Huckleberry Finn’ is in the estimation of the mind of a prudent person incorrect to say the least. Emotion and sentiments do not constitute a viable ground to base human action on. There is a reasonable ground to believe that decisions triggered by human sentiments and feelings are likely to be subjective. This subjectivity in choice of action is a dangerous phenomenon as there are certain life-changing decisions that are too technical to be made at the peril of petty human emotions. Conscience There is that internal voice that guides rational beings in distinguishing right from wrong. It compels human beings to choose a particular course of action given particular circumstances. This internal aspect of human being that dictates our choices is loud, equivocal and more often than not quite hard to ignore â€" it is referred to as a conscience. All rational beings possess a conscience, which enables them to reason before making any rushed decisions triggered by their present state of emotion. This particular aspect of rational beings: their ability to reason is what distinguishes them from other irrational beings like animals. Given certain circumstances, a rational person ought to act in a way that any other equally diligent and rational being would have acted if they were in that same situation. Human beings are often under enormous stress or other negative emotions. While under such emotions, our actions and choices of action towards others, in any given circumstances, are likely to be biased by our feelings. As opposed to Bennett’s view of acting upon sentiments, one ought to behave in a way that would be universally acceptable. Our action in all circumstances should take a course that we would want to see becoming a universal law. This is the underlying philosophy in Immanuel Kant’s categorical imperative. The categorical imperativeThe categorical imperative (CI) forms the basic principle of moral reasoning as espoused in Kant’s deontology. The nature of the categorical imperative qualifies it as a categorical syllogism â€" that which includes a conclusion inferred from premises by way of deductive reasoning. One of the premises which is also the first m axim of CI is. ..a course of action undertaken by an individual is morally upright only if they perceived it, without exceptions, as the course that a reasonable person would undertake in similar situations. The subsequent premise and maxim is that one only acts morally only if ‘they regard others as ends and not means to an end’. Hence, a moral act is that which is deductible from these premises.

Population Dynamics and Its Effects on Climate Change Policy

Population dynamics and its effects of climate change policy Population growth and its effects on climate change have been hotly debated in recent years by scientists and politicians alike. The Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC has sparked great interest and concern over climate change and how it affects countries differently. The concept of environmental justice has focused on climate change’s unbalanced effects on developing countries, whose populations are more vulnerable to climate change. With rapidly growing populations and inadequate resources and technologies, developing countries have struggled to develop their economy sustainability. The relationship between population and climate change is grossly oversimplified by the idea that as population increase so does its effect on climate change. Realistically, population and climate change affect each other through economic trends, development patterns, society, institutions and the government. Population dynamics is no t simply the number of people in a given space. Rather, it is the distribution and continuously changing demographics that make population dynamics a complex but important factor in climate change policy. In recent climate change and environmental protection discussions, developed countries have strongly suggested or even imposed environmental policies upon developing countries. This has caused tension and misunderstandings on both sides as developing countries strive for the economic success of theirShow MoreRelatedIncreased Risk Of Invasion : A Large Crop Canopy And Denser Foliage1419 Words   |  6 Pagesdenser foliage will create more relative humidity, thereby making micro-environments more favorable to pests. Increase in food quality, i.e. increase in the nitrogen content of plants due to high temperature, can result in a sudden resurgence of population of pests. Moreover, under conditions of stress, plant defensive systems are less effective and they become more susceptible to pest attack (EPA, 1989). Some important pests are long- range migrants and more into crop areas where they cannot overRead MoreGlobal Climate Change Is The Future Of The Entire Generation1099 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal climate change transcends the future of the entire generation. Yunjing Wang mentions that the world is expecting warming that could be dangerous throughout the century (Wang et al., 2015). Not only effecting species of animals but also determining the presence of human existence. New diseases prevail on a daily basis specifically vector borne. These vector borne illnesses adapt to climate change due to temperature fluctuations, constant precipitation, and population adjustments. AlthoughRead MoreClimate Change Challenges986 Words   |  4 PagesA strong argument among scientists exists that anthropogenic climate change is the greatest contemporary global threat to sustainable development in the 21st Century, and that, the risks associated with climate change will become more severe affecti ng all aspects of human livelihoods (IPPCC 2014, FAO 2013, Shiferaw et al 2014, UN 2015. The ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992 and signing of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 signified the importance ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Water Coverage On Urban Areas Of Developing Countries1746 Words   |  7 Pagesnot reflect a formula that matches the rapid urban population growth. Most water supply infrastructure is aging. For instance in Nairobi, many of the capital’s water pipes were laid down before independence in 1963 and are now worn out, hence leading to a loss of about 50% of water (Moraa, 2012). As such, the amount of water lost could have been used to increase access. 2.6.3 Service from Water Providers is inadequate Despite statements and policies promising quality service from water service institutionsRead MoreDifferent Aspects Of A Disease System1253 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, integrated models can provide crucial insights into the ecological dynamics of a disease system (Plowright et al. 2008), and they can help inform public health interventions and guide public health policies (Leach and Scoones 2013). By simplifying these different aspects of a zoonotic disease system into constrained components that are easier to understand, models can answer specific questions about disease system dynamics, emergence and spatial patterns of risk (Plowright et al. 2008). HereRead MoreGlobal Warming And Climate Change Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesClimatic changes have been a major concern in the recent researches. The changes have negatively affected the production across the world and also the human lives are at stake. There are so many occurrences of unpredicted climatic effects such as the drought occurrences and the tides which affects the people. The unpredicted climatic changes have been as a result of the many factors. One of the most controversial things is that climatic changes have been caused by the social factors, which governmentRead MoreUrbanization Of The 21st Century1542 Words   |  7 Pagescentury is witnessing an increase of the world’s population into urban dwellers. Dramatic movement of people into major towns and cities of the world is caused by rapid sprawl; this is observed in developed and developing countries. This increasing recognition is inevitable; therefore the solution to urban problems depends largely on eff ective planning, infrastructural management and development. Usually, unplanned population growth is associated to population demands that supersede infrastructure and serviceRead MoreImpact Of Global Warming On North Carolina1728 Words   |  7 Pagescomprehend the scope and dynamics of the projected effects of Global Warming on different sectors of North Carolina one has to understand the basics of this particular phenomenon. What exactly is Global Warming? According to EPA.gov: â€Å"Global warming refers to the recent and ongoing rise in global average temperature near Earth s surface. It is caused mostly by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Global warming is causing climate patterns to change. However, global warmingRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Problem1654 Words   |  7 Pagesthe climate change on the sun, global warming is a serious danger to the Earth because it could have serious effects on the plant and animal populations. To fully grasp the effects of global warming, one must first understand just what global warming is. According to dictionary.com, global warming is the result of certain gases building up in the atmosphere that block heat from escaping. These gases are causing a temperature rise in the Earth’s atmosphere, which causes the climate to change. A warmerRead MoreHow Are We Affected by Global Warming and How Can We Stop It?1259 Words   |  6 PagesHow are we effected by global warming and how can we stop it? Global warming directly effects everyone and everything on Earth. The concentration of greenhouse gasses is climbing at an alarming rate. Many negative issues will take place if nothing is done stop the destruction of the Earths atmosphere. Humans, plants, and animals contribute to the cycle of life on earth. The extinction of plants and animals caused by global warming can lead to worldwide panic. The future flooding of the Earth

Aristotles Approach to Ethics and Platos Divided Line Essay

Aristotles Approach to Ethics and Platos Divided Line I. PLATO 3) Explain the so-called ‘Divided Line’. What do the different levels mean? How does this apply to ethics? How does this apply to Knowledge, perception, and/or awareness? Explain in depth and detail. Plato’s ‘Divided Line’ is a model indicating not only levels of knowledge, but basically levels of everything. It is divided into four levels and two sides. The left side consists of ways we know, become aware of, and perceive things, while the right side consists of the objects of knowledge, awareness, and perception. The bottom half includes those things in the physical realm and the top half includes those things in the spiritual and intellectual†¦show more content†¦These different levels apply to knowledge, perception, awareness, and ethics in the same way. For each of these things, the higher one goes in the model, the higher one goes in any of these particular areas. For example, regarding different levels of knowledge, the lowest level is on the bottom and the highest level is on top. Therefore, the closer one gets to the top of the model, the more knowledge one has and vice-versa. The same holds true for the other areas, as well, and they are all related to each other. Using knowledge in another example, the higher level of knowledge one reaches, the higher one’s ethical standards are, as well. Because of these relationships, Plato’s ‘Divided Line’ relates to all areas of life. II. ARISTOTLE 1) Explain fully Aristotle’s approach to Ethics. What is the goal of the ethical life? What type of soul is capable of realizing the good life? How do we go about accomplishing this goal? What are the possible lifestyle choices we may lead? Are any of these conducive to leading the good life? The goal of the ethical life, according to Aristotle, is good. All human activity is directed toward this good, the highest of which is Eudaimonia. There are two kinds of good, intrinsic and instrumental. Intrinsic goods are those which are good in and of themselves. The only thing that is completely intrinsic is happiness, or Eudaimonia. Instrumental goods areShow MoreRelatedAristotle: The Pursuit of Happiness1358 Words   |  6 PagesThat characteristic is that humans strive to achieve a level of goodness. Although they agree with each other that there is a highest good one must achieve in order to live a fulfilling life, they have different ideas on what that good is. On Aristotle’s search to find the highest good of a human being, he first asked what the ergon, or task, of being human is. His main focus was mostly on what the purpose or goal of human existence should be. Aristotle said that everyone is trying to reach happinessRead MoreEthics and Related Philosophies4468 Words   |  18 PagesI. DEFINITION OF ETHICS Rushworth Kidder  states that standard definitions of  ethics  have typically included such phrases as the science of the ideal human character or the science of moral duty . Ethics, sometimes known as  philosophical ethics,  ethical theory,  moral theory, and  moral philosophy, is a branch ofphilosophy  that involves systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong  conduct, often addressing disputes of  moral diversity.  The term comes from the Greek wordRead MorePhilosophy of Man8521 Words   |  35 PagesThough there are many reputable histories of the specific branches of philosophy; and even of some of its special subjects such as logic ethics, aesthetics, politics, law and history, a â€Å"history of the philosophy of man† has yet to be written and even vet to be conceived. True â€Å"man† has sometimes been discussed as a part of this or that theory or system in ethics, politics or education, but such subsidiary discussions by their very nature remain controlled by the requirements and presuppositions ofRead MoreBranches of Philosophy8343 Words   |  34 Pagesbelief, and justification. †¢ Ethics, or moral philosophy, is concerned with questions of how persons ought to act or if such questions are answerable. The main branches of ethics are meta-ethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Meta-ethics concerns the nature of ethical thought, comparison of various ethical systems, whether there are absolute ethical truths, and how such truths could be known. Ethics is also associated with the idea of morality. Platos early dialogues include a searchRead MoreThe Importance of Considering Philosophical and Psychological Foundations in Developing a Curriculum.9983 Words   |  40 Pagesvocational education, principal, business education department chairman, business education faculty member, parent, and student. The instrument used was What Do You Believe?, 15 statements of ideas expressed in educational literature pertaining to a line of action for curriculum improvement. Reactions to six statements were in strong agreement. The functioning philosophy of participants would, therefore, include those statements dealing with exposing students to what man knows and does not know, personalized

Everything you wanted to know about quoting Free Essays

When writing an essay, you need to give evidence from the story, poem, novel, etc. that helps to support your argument. By quoting from the text, you show that evidence is definitely there. We will write a custom essay sample on Everything you wanted to know about quoting or any similar topic only for you Order Now Keep quotes short†¦ they should support your thoughts, not replace them. TIP: If you only need to quote part of a sentence, use an ellipsis. ORIGINAL: â€Å"Mr. Cunningham, said Atticus, came from a set breed of men† (Lee 21). â€Å"Mr. Cunningham†¦ came from a set breed of men† (Lee 21). Only quote the part of the ext that relates to your point. Connect the quote to your words†¦ dont Just leave it hanging. Use phrases like, â€Å"Scout shows this when she says,† â€Å"as revealed by the line,† â€Å"as the author states,† etc. Place a colon after your thoughts to link them to your evidence (the quote). Boldwood loses control of himself. His love for Bathsheba strips him of reason. Boldwood gives in to his emotions totally, as shown when he says, â€Å"l had some faint belief in the mercy of God till I lost that woman†¦ ‘ feel it is better to die than to live† (Hardy 244). He nearly loses his mind. Harper Lee concludes To Kill a Mockingbird happily. The novel ends by showing Atticus reunited with his children: â€Å"He turned out the light and went into Jem’s room. He would be there all night, and he would be there when Jem waked up in the morning† (Lee 281). Atticus’s fatherly presence shows the reader that all is right with the world. DANGERS TO AVOID Never use a quote in a way that changes the meaning it had originally (â€Å"take it out of context†). Never let your quotes drown out your own voice. Never stick in a quote without connecting it to your words. Never forget to use quotation marks and cite the place where you found the quote. Never use quotes that are longer than they have to be. Never use a quote unless you are sure of what it means. Jem and Scout meet Mrs. Dubose. â€Å"Mrs. Dubose lived alone except for a Negro girl in constant attendance, two doors up the street from us in a house with steep front steps and a dog-trot hall. She was very old†¦ † Mrs. Dubose is mean. â€Å"If she was on the porch when we passed, we would be raked by her wrathful gaze, subjected to ruthless interrogation regarding our behavior†¦ â€Å" How to cite Everything you wanted to know about quoting, Papers

Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club, Inc

Why do differences exist between the players and owners’ positions regarding the reported earnings of the Zephyrs? It is clear that agency conflicts exist between the owners and players of Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club, Inc. The main reason for the contentious issues is the profitability disbursement to between the club operations and players.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club, Inc specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The owners want to maximize their interest through reduction of taxes yet the players want to get the most of their salaries and benefits. As such, an extensive reference to the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and International Accounting Standards are significant to understand the contentious profitability issues of the major league baseball teams. There are only a few areas we dispute, but these areas can have a significant impact on the overall profitability of the team. The owners have used three techniques to â€Å"hide† profits: (1) roster depreciation, (2) overstated player salary expense, and (3) related-party transactions. We feel it gives numbers that are not meaningful. The players’ version of the financial statements showed profits before tax of $24.5 million for 2009 and $23.6 million for 2010 as compared to the losses of $ 4.0 million end $7.4 million on the Owners’ statements. The accrual basis of accounting and the cash basis accounting have presented the major issues in paying for expenses as well as the type of expenses. Again, the period of bonuses payment has raised concern and arguments that have left Bill Ahern in confused state. The depreciation expense arises only when a team is sold, so you can have two identical teams that will show dramatically different results if one had been sold and the other had not. On the other hand, the players argued that their interpretation of skills and competencies was increasing with experience, which would increase goodwill or the value of the club. The owners had categorized the item under depreciation. Much contradiction arose from the thinking of the owners that depreciation is real because most of the players actually improve their skills with experience, so if anything, there should be an increase in roster value over time, not a reduction as the depreciation would lead you to believe. The owners had agreed to defer a portion of their salary for 10 years. That helps save them taxes and provides them with some income after their playing days are over. The players value their payment and feel this is a way of denying them their pay through hiding profits. Players argued that the owners had overstated player expense in several ways. One is that they expense the signing bonuses in the year they are paid. The players take the bonuses as a part of the compensation package, and that for accounting purposes, the bonuses should be spread over the term of the player’s contract. However, the contracts revealed clearly that the player is to receive, say, $1,000,000, of which $200,000 is deferred to the year 2018. In the same line, it indicates that the salary expense is $500,000.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Why the owners want to maximize their interest through reduction of taxes The owners want to reduce taxes to increase their share of earnings. Taxes reduce the profits that the company has earned. Therefore, reducing the value through allocation of depreciation will reduce earnings before income tax (EBIT). The percentage charge will effect on a lesser value. The company will have more retained profits, previously allocated to depreciation. This raises the value of the business. As such, the owners’ attain their main objective, which is to increase the wealth of the business . Again, it will reflect on less debt capital, and much equity financing. This raises the value of the firm and maximizes shareholders wealth. How should Bill Ahern resolve the accounting conflict between the owners and players? How much did the Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club earn in 2009 and 2010? Extensive and intensive reference to the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and International Accounting Standards are significant to understand the contentious profitability issues of the major league baseball teams. This will enable Bill Ahern to handle the case under the same level of consideration. As such, the statements may be subject to auditing to ensure that they have met the qualitative and quantitative qualities according to international standards. As such, it will pave a clear way on expenses, depreciation and payment of bonuses. As such, should share in the teams’ profits according to the contracts signed between each other, which are in line with GAAP. Bill approached the accounting unit, depreciation, amortization of intangibles, and related-party transactions through construction of a new financial statement will reveal. This is urgent due to the tight deadline. Again, it was not at all obvious to him how to define â€Å"good accounting methods† for the Zephyrs Baseball Club. With the above adjustments, the net income shall change to profits of $11,981 in 2009, and $ 8,560.0 in the year 2010 (see the new income statement). Why did you make the decision? Why was depreciation removed? The decision made was the most adequate to solve the agency conflict. The approach considered the interest of the players and the owners. Depreciation was removed because the players improve in experience and they become better with time. As employees earn goodwill overtime, players also add value to the organization because of acquired experience and skills. Depreciation is normally allocated to fixed assets like equipment and machinery. In fact, players can leave anytime due to better opportunities or injuries. Therefore, depreciation was considered a mechanism of increasing the company owners’ wealth at the expense players’ payments.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club, Inc specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This case study on Kansas City Zephyrs Baseball Club, Inc was written and submitted by user Aleena Spence to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Science Fair Chemistry Project Ideas and Inspiration

Science Fair Chemistry Project Ideas and Inspiration These science fair projects ideas provide information and questions you can develop into a science fair project. Bookmark this page or check back regularly, since new ideas are added. You may submit an idea for a science fair project to be included in the list. Quick Look at Projects by Education Level These projects are grouped according to grade level ranging from preschool through middle school, high school, and college. 12th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas. Senior high school science projects can be fairly advanced. Some seniors have done projects that gain them scholarships or change the world!11th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas. 11th grade is the peak time for students to apply to colleges, so an award-winning or thought-provoking project can gain scholarships or aid during the school interview process.10th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas. 10th-grade science fair projects offer students the opportunity to explore whether they want to pursue college education or a career in science. There are scholarship opportunities at this level, too.9th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas8th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas7th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas6th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas5th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas4th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas3rd Grade Science Fair Project Ideas2nd Grade Science Fair Project Ideas1st Grade Science Fair Project IdeasKindergarten Science Fair Project Ideas

ACT Score for the Ivy League Whats the Lowest Score I Can Get in With

What's a Good SAT/ACT Score for the Ivy League What's the Lowest Score I Can Get in With SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you aiming to attend an Ivy League school? What ACT/SAT scores do Ivy League universities- Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, Princeton, Penn, and Yale- expect? Here, we look at what test scores these eight highly selective schools consider good, as well as what scores are considered borderline. Disclaimer: SAT/ACT Scores Aren't Everything When you apply to an Ivy League school, they'll be looking at many other admission factors beyond just your SAT or ACT score. In fact, if you were to ask any of these schools' directors of admissions whether a perfect score would guarantee you admission, the answer would be a big, fat NO. You need more than a perfect SAT or ACT score to get into an Ivy League school. Ivy League schools look for strong test scores as well as strong recommendations, extracurriculars, and GPAs, which I'll call "Other Factors." If you have a great SAT/ACT score, then you can get away with merely excellent Other Factors. If you're at the bottom of the range, though, you'll definitely need a superstar rating in Other Factors. Keep this in mind as you read this article. Exclusive Free Bonus: Click here to download a free step-by-step guide on finding your personal SAT/ACT score target. Once you go through these steps, you'll know exactly what score you need to aim for. What's a Good SAT/ACT Score for the Ivy League? An SAT score of 1580 (out of 1600) or ACT score of 35 (out of 36) will place you right in the top 25% for most Ivy League schools, whereas an SAT score of 1450 or ACT score of 31 would put you at the boundary of the bottom 25%. Thus, you can interpret your score as follows: 1580 SAT/35 ACT or higher: You don't need to improve your SAT/ACT scores. Work on making sure that you don't have any weaknesses in the rest of your college application. 1450 SAT/31 ACT or lower: Your SAT/ACT score is going to be very limiting. You need to improve your score, and at the same time make sure you have at least one additional super strong component in your college application. Check out our guide on what to do with a low ACT/SAT score for tips. Now, let's look at the 25th and 75th percentile SAT/ACT scores for all Ivy League schools: School Name 75% SAT 25% SAT 75% ACT 25% ACT Harvard 1590 1460 35 32 Yale 1590 1420 35 32 Columbia 1580 1450 35 32 Princeton 1570 1430 35 31 Brown 1570 1410 34 31 Dartmouth 1560 1430 34 30 Penn 1560 1420 35 32 Cornell 1550 1390 34 31 If you're scoring lower than the 25th percentile on either the SAT or ACT, you'll have a really tough time getting accepted to an Ivy League school. Unfortunately, you just won't measure up to all the other highly qualified applicants who have extremely impressive SAT/ACT scores. Clearly, these are very high standards. In fact, all 75th percentile scores for Ivy League schools are in the 99th percentile nationwide. To be at the top of the Ivy League application pool, you will need to be one of the top 1% of test takers in the country! What's a Good SAT/ACT Score for YOU? While these SAT/ACT scores for the Ivy League can be used as standard guidelines, everyone has a different target score. This means that you'll need to know the SAT/ACT score target that's right for you. But how do you figure this out? Your target SAT/ACT score will be based on the colleges you're applying to. You'll need to find the average SAT/ACT scores of admitted students for all the schools you're interested in attending, specifically their 75th percentile scores. Aiming for the 75th percentile will give you the best chance of getting into all the schools on your list. You can find SAT/ACT scores and percentile information for a school by visiting its admission page or by Googling "[School Name] PrepScholar SAT/ACT" For example, if you wanted to know what the average SAT scores for NYU were, you'd Google "NYU PrepScholar SAT." Once you've found these scores for all the schools you're thinking of applying to, find the highest 75th percentile score on your list; that's the goal score you'll be aiming for. For a more in-depth explanation and access to blank charts you can use to keep track of schools' SAT/ACT scores, click the link below and enter your email address- you'll get a free step-by-step guide on how to calculate your personal SAT/ACT goal score. What's Next? Want expert tips on how to get into the Ivy League? Read our famous guide on how to get into Harvard and the Ivy League, written by a Harvard alum. Curious how Ivy League schools compare with one another? Take a look at our in-depth analysis of the Ivy League rankings, and learn what these numbers mean for you. What's a good SAT/ACT score for non-Ivy League schools? Our comprehensive guides explain what good ACT scores and good SAT scores are, depending on the schools you're applying to. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT and ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160+ points or your ACT score by 4+ points. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

An Important Person in History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

An Important Person in History - Essay Example The South African federal government had always implemented the policy of racial separation, with keeping the black people of South Africa far way from attaining their rights, including the right to vote (Nye). However, in the year 1990, nelson Mandela was discharged from the prison and subsequently, was permitted to negotiate with the president of South Africa of that time, that is, Frederik Willem de Klerk, regarding the rights of the black people, especially the right to vote. And subsequently, the negotiation resulted in the elimination of Apartheid, with the influx of the multi-racial elections, in the year 1994 (Ebrahim) The true achievement for the black people of South Africa was that they managed to attain their rights without any such major riots by the people who were against the decision of the government to issue the black people of South Africa, their rights, which they deserved to attain, despite the fact that south Africa had a long history of racial aggression and vi cious police force. Nelsen Mandela in his entire life had to fight against his own countrymen, to regain the rights of the black people of his country. However, besides that, there are also some other ways as well, which nelson Mandela adapted, in order to assist his country to transform itself, for a better future (Benson) As the struggle started by Mandela for the purpose of helping the black people of South Africa to regain their rights was almost a peaceful effort, hence this made nelson Mandela earned him the  1993 Nobel Peace Prize. The revolutionary effort of nelson Mandela assisted South Africa to officially convert itself into a democratic state (Mandela) As besides introducing world’s one of the most progressive constitutions, South Africa also empowered the black people to contribute their skills and expertise in the growth and development of South Africa. And as a matter of

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 63

Case Study Example ver, the method faces a significant limitation, it does not provide emergency address system to clients in case the funds are deposited to a wrong account or one of its payment products undergoes a breakdown. Another possible payment-processing alternative is the WorldPay Company. This platform offers affordable transaction costs to both small and medium businesses (Schneider, 499). In addition to a myriad of payment products such as western union and paypal, the company offers technology and support in respect to the sector of the client. The primary disadvantage of this method in respect to TMH is that there are no headquarters in the USA and thus the calls for assistance may turn out to be very expensive. Finally is the Merchant Express Inc., a company that offers two main merits in the market. It accepts all payment cards from all parts of the Globe, and it charges relatively cheap to as low as 0.19% per dollar transaction. The limitation of this company is that it is relatively new into the market and thus the levels of trust are relatively low. After a vehement analysis on the extent and impact of deploying each one of the payment processing method aforementioned, I recommend the Merchant Express Inc. because it is cost effective, and accruing to the relatively small clientele base, satisfactory services are highly

Modern Global Epidemic Of Obesity

Modern Global Epidemic Of Obesity In his Annual report of 2002, the UK Chief Medical Officer has described it as a health time bomb. Overweight and obese children are likely to stay obese into adulthood with increased risk of associated major chronic diseases. Consequently, socioeconomic disparities observed in obesity supplement socioeconomic inequalities in health (Law et al., 2007). Prevention of childhood obesity therefore is critical. In this paper, the author will examine the complex interaction of social, economic, biological and environmental determinants of health that may explain the recent explosion, shifts in demographic trends of this worldwide problem, and briefly explore lifestyle and behavioural factors that may create particular risks. A discussion about causes, complications and treatment options of childhood obesity will follow. The author will review and analyse determinants and health policy initiatives, critically appraise various global, national and local strategies, initiatives and interventions, which aim to prevent obesity in childhood and examine their link to conventional health promotion models and theories. By critically examining the range of interactions and existing initiatives, the author seeks to propose appropriate interventions to tackle the growing challenge of childhood obesity. Key words: childhood obesity, inequalities, policy, strategy, prevention, health promotion DEFINITION Obesity/Adiposity is defined as a condition characterised by excessive body fat. Body fat can either be stored predominantly around the waist or around the hips. Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to measure obesity and defined as: Bodyweight (Kg) (Keys et al., 1972) Height (m) 2 BMI is useful in clinical practice and epidemiologic studies, but has limitations. Freedman et al. (2004) reported that although BMI is a good measure of fat mass in children with high BMIs, it is not a reliable indicator in thinner children. Two international datasets that are widely used to define overweight and obesity in pre-school children are International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) reference and World Health Organisation (WHO) Child Growth Standards (2006). None is superior to the other and both tend to underestimate or overestimate the prevalence when used on the same population (Monasta et al. 2010). Thresholds for obesity in children in UK (and Scotland) are measured by referring to UK National BMI classification system that uses reference curves based on data from several British studies between 1978 and 1990 (Cole et al, 2000). Children are classified as overweight or obese using the 85th and 95th percentiles as cut points. PREVALENCE, trends and costs Obesity has become an epidemic in many parts of the world and surveys over the last decade have documented the rapidly increasing prevalence of obesity and overweight among children along with rising socioeconomic inequalities (Wang and Lobstein, 2006; Lobstein, Baur and Uauy, 2004). The latest WHO report (Mercedes, Monika and Elaine, 2010) based on surveys from 144 countries estimates that globally, 43 million children (including 35 million in developing countries) are overweight and obese and another 92 million are at risk of overweight. This corresponds to a prevalence increase from 4.2% in 1990 to 6.7% in 2010. In England, 2008 figures showed 16.8% of boys aged 2 to 15, and 15.2% of girls were classed as obese, an increase from 11.1% and 12.2% respectively in 1995 (The Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2010). Amongst Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, only USA and Mexico having higher levels of obesity than Scotland and this is expected to get worse even with current intervention practices. Scottish Govt. report (2010) states that in 2008, 15.1% children were obese and 31.7% were overweight. Amidst this doom and gloom scenario are recent reports (Stamatakis, Wardle and Cole, 2010) showing trends in overweight and obesity prevalence have stabilized or reversed in pre-teens and early teenage years in France, Switzerland and Sweden. In the US too, the obesity epidemic may be stabilising (Ogden et al.,2010) but it is too early to know whether the data do reflect a true plateau (Cali and Caprio, 2008). Similarly, in England, trends in overweight and obesity prevalence have levelled off after 2002 (Stamatakis, Wardle and Cole, 2010); however, socioeconomic inequalities have deepened. Healthcare (direct) costs of obesity are only a fraction of overall (indirect) costs to society (McCormick, 2007) which are due to loss of employment, production levels and premature pensions and deaths. Obesity is responsible for 2-8% of total health costs in Europe and other developed countries (WHO, 2007). Direct costs of obesity in Scotland were about  £175 million in 2007/8 and expected to double by 2030. The indirect costs were much higher (about  £457 million) and expected rise to  £0.9 billion- £3 billion by 2030 (Scottish Govt. report, 2010). In England, recent estimate of direct obesity-related costs to NHS is  £4.2 billion and this may double by 2050. Cost to the wider economy is in the region of  £16 billion, and will rise to  £50 billion per year by 2050 if left unchecked (Department of Health (DH) report, 2010). INEQUALITIES Although no clear relationship between socio-economic status (SES) in early life and childhood obesity (but confirmed a strong relationship with increased fatness in adulthood) was reported by Parsons et al.,(1999); a more recent systematic review by Shrewsbury and Wardle (2008) supports the view that overweight and obesity tend to be more prevalent among socio-economically disadvantaged children in developed countries. Similar patterns are shown in data from England (Stamatakis, Wardle and Cole, 2010; Law, 2007) and Scotland (Scottish Govt. report, 2010). However, trends vary within different ethnic populations as highlighted by Wang and Zhang (2006); a review by Caprio et al. (2008) who studied the influence of race, ethnicity and culture on obesity trends concluded higher prevalence in non-Caucasian populations in US. Although earlier reports (Wang, 2001) revealed that the burden of this problem was mainly in wealthier sections of the population in developing nations, recent reports (Lobstein, Baur and Uauy, 2004; Wang and Lobstein, 2006) indicate that prevalence is rising among the urban poor in these countries, possibly due to their exposure to Westernized diets overlapping with a history of undernutrition. The reasons for the differences in prevalence of childhood obesity among population groups are complex, involving race, ethnicity, genetics, physiology, culture, SES including parental education, environment, as well as interactions among these variables (Law et al.,2007; Caprio and Cali, 2008; Townsend and Ridler, 2009). ETIOPATHOGENESIS and COMPLICATIONS Kirk, Penney and McHugh (2010) argue the complexity of the obesogenic environment, which comprises of personal (e.g. diet and physical activity preferences; disability), physiological (e.g. genetics, race and ethnic, psychological, metabolic) and environmental factors (home, school, and community). Other contributory factors are influences in society (e.g., social and peer influences, food advertisements) and availability of and access to optimal health care. Although genetic factors can have an effect on individual predisposition (Wardle et al., 2008), perinatal and maternal factors explain rapidly rising global prevalence rates. Key perinatal factors for childhood obesity (Wojcik and Mayer-Davis (2010), cited in Freemark, 2010) are maternal overweight before, during and after pregnancy, smoking and bottle-feeding. The mothers dietary habits and level of physical activity are also significant. Decreased physical activity levels associated with sedentary recreation (video and computer games), mechanised transportation (less walking), and increasing urbanization (limited opportunity to physical activity) are all associated with increased risk of obesity (Trost et al. 2001; Gordon-Larsen, McMurray and Popkin, 2000). Children with disability are at a greater risk to develop obesity (Reinehr et al.,2010); factors include health concerns and restricted access to physical activity. Epstein et al. (2008) propose that television viewing encourages weight gain not only by decreasing physical activity, but also by increasing energy intake. In addition, television advertising could adversely affect dietary patterns throughout the day (Lewis and Hill, 1998). Psychosocial factors can influence dietary and physical activity behaviours that define energy balance. Children who suffer from neglect and depression are at increased risk for obesity during childhood and later in life (Johnson GJ et al.,2002; Pine DS et al.,2001).In contrast, social support from parents and others increases participation in physical activity of children and adolescents (Sallis, Prochaska, Taylor, 2000). There is evidence that breast milk in infancy may protect against overweight in childhood (Harder et al.,2005) while intake of foods with high glycemic index, sugary soft drinks and fast foods are associated with increased risk and prevalence of childhood obesity (Ludwig et al.,2001; French, 2001); however, long term trials are needed to corroborate this association. Also, eating out (Zoumas-Morse et al.,2001) appears to be an important contributory life style factor. Excessive fat in the diet is believed to cause weight gain (Jequier, 2001); though, this association is not consistently shown in epidemiological studies (Atkin L-M Davies, 2000; Troiano,2000). Lustig (2006) proposes that the relationship between changes in the environment and neuroendocrinology of human energy balance is complex. The author explains that behaviours of increased caloric intake and decreased energy expenditure are secondary to obligate weight gain that is due to associated hyperinsulinemia, leptin antagonism and interference with normal satiety. Childhood obesity is a multisystem disease with potentially serious complications. Several studies suggest that childhood overweight/obesity is associated with increased risk of mortality in adult life (Gunnell,1998; Dietz,1998). Young-Hyman et al. (2001) have documented cardiovascular risk factors along with insulin resistance in children as young as five years old. The rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes in obese children is worrying in view of the vascular complications (heart disease, stroke, limb amputation, kidney failure, blindness) (Ludwig and Ebbeling,2001). These risks appear to be higher in non-Caucasians (Goran, Ball and Cruz,2000). According to Strauss, (2000) adverse psychosocial effects are more severe in white girls. Treatment Effective intervention is essential because obese children are likely to face substantial health risks as they mature (Cali and Caprio, 2008). Further, as healthcare costs of this problem are rising (Wang and Dietz, 2002); intervention is required to prevent morbidity in adulthood while effective tools for primary prevention are developed. Spear et al. (2007) reviewed the evidence about the treatment options in primary care, community, and tertiary care settings and proposed a comprehensive 4-step approach for weight management. Uli, Sundarajan and Cuttler (2008) support a similar strategy. Several reviews of lifestyle (i.e. dietary, physical activity and/or behavioural therapy) interventions for treating childhood obesity (Oude- Luttikhuis et al.,2008; Wilfley et al., 2007) have concluded that family based combined behavioural and lifestyle interventions can produce significant reduction in overweight in children and adolescents. Although Golan and Crow (2004) suggested that targeting exclusively parents for change was superior to targeting only children for change, behavioural approaches involving both parents and children in the framework of a combined lifestyle intervention appear to be more effective (Wilfley et al. 2007; Epstein 1994; Bronwell, Kelman and Stunkard 1983). Moreover, intensive lifestyle intervention (with daily exercise, mandatory caloric restriction, multiple clinic visits and counselling sessions) appears to be more successful (Nemet at al. 2005) than standard lifestyle intervention (Epstein and Wing 1980). There is no consistent evidence to show that decreasing sedentary behaviour by reducing television viewing is effective in weight reduction (Dennison et al. 2004; Gortmaker et al. 1999). However, limiting TV food advertising to children appears to be a useful cost-effective population-based intervention (Magnus et al. 2009). In obese adolescents, treatment with orlistat or sibutramine as adjunct to lifestyle intervention is prescribed sometimes. However, these drugs can have significant side effects and this approach needs close monitoring and follow-up (Freemark, 2007). Morbidly obese adolescents can benefit from sizeable weight loss following bariatric surgery but with potential serious complications (Lawson et al., 2006; Uli et al.,2008). This necessitates close follow-up and dedication to a specialized dietary regimen (Shen, Dugay and Rajaram, 2004) for successful results. Evidence base of school-based interventions: Systematic reviews of random controlled trials (RCT) by Reilly and McDowell (2003) and Bluford, Sherry and Scanlon (2007) did not find sufficient evidence base for interventions to prevent childhood obesity and recommended further research. In contrast, Thomas et al. (2004) put forward a more positive conclusion in their review. Similarly, Flynn et al. (2006) and Doak et al. (2006) reported favourable outcomes in nearly all trials they reviewed. Interestingly, in an analysis of school-based programs, authors from National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), UK (2006) indicated that the evidence does not convincingly support the multidisciplinary whole school approach promoted by UK National Healthy Schools Program. Nonetheless, Connelly, Duaso and Butler (2007) in their review of RCTs have supported a decisive role for obligatory provision of aerobic physical activity in schools coupled with nutritional education and skills training. Finally, Kropski, Keckley and Jensens review (2008) concludes that although evidence is limited, schools play an important role in prevention strategies and directing different techniques at boys and girls may have more impact. HEALTH PROMOTION MODELS RELATED TO PREVENTION OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY Knowledge-Attitude-Behaviour model proposes that as knowledge accumulates, changes in attitude are set off resulting in gradual change in behaviour (Baranowski 1999). The model assumes that a person is logical by instinct. However, evidence shows that generally people in a variety of circumstances do not act logically (Shafir and LeBeouf, 2002). A common application of this model to promote change is providing health and nutritional information within school syllabi. Gaining knowledge may help to set goals and boost self-confidence but has not been shown to cause change in behaviour (Schnoll and Zimmermann, 2001) or to change in physical activity behaviour (Rimal, 2001) except perhaps in specific right people (Wang and Biddle 2001). Besides, there is no evidence that interventions based only on education strategies will change behaviour (Contento et al.,1995). According to Behaviour Learning Theory (BLT), when a specific stimulus elicits a desired behaviour, there is increased likelihood of that behaviour recurring if that behaviour is reinforced (Skinner,1938 as cited in Baranowski et al.,2003). A modern version of BLT, the Behavioural Economics model (Epstein and Salaens,1999) suggests behaviour is the result of benefits and costs where benefits are reinforcers. Obese people find food more reinforcing than others do whereas physical activity has greater reinforcing value among non-obese people. In addition, preference for a specific physical activity declines when the distance to that activity increases which reduces the reinforcing value of that activity (Raynor, Coleman and Epstein, 1998). Thus, obese people are more likely to find behaviours that lead to obesity more reinforcing. Saelens and Epstein (1998) applied the model successfully in obtaining increased physical activity. However, application of reinforcers on controlling behaviour is challenging and can be beyond the ability of many parents. The Health Belief Model explains the utility of health services. It has been widely applied to health-related behaviours (Janz, Champion and Strecher, 2002). The model describes health actions through the interaction of sets of beliefs: perceived susceptibility, perceived seriousness perceived benefits and disadvantages and cues to action. A meta-analysis study by Witte and Allan (2000) of fear-based communications revealed that they could induce behavioural change by affecting individuals perception of threat. However, children and adolescents often tend to perceive themselves as invincible, thus the concept of fear, threat and perceived risk and susceptibility are not useful in this age group. HBM may become more relevant if people perceive obesity as a serious threat waiting to happen to them (Baranowski, 2003). Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) proposes (Bandura 1999) that behaviour is a function of continuous mutual interaction between the environment and the person. The theory assumes that people generally strive for positive outcomes and evade negative ones by changing their behaviours by using self-control. Programs based on SCT have resulted in some changes as reported in a review by Sharma (2006) of school-based interventions for preventing childhood obesity where SCT was the most popular intervention tool. However, the theory lacks predictability for understanding childrens behaviour that is related to food and activityit could be that the concepts are too complex for children (Baranowski, Cullen and Baranowski,1999). Furthermore, children may not be expected to or capable of sufficient self-control over their diet and physical activity. Environmental variables like parenting and availability of food and physical equipment may be more beneficial (Cullen et al.,2003). Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB): To explain the relation between attitudes and behaviour (Ajzen and Fishbein,1975 in Baranowski et al.,2003) proposed TRA and said that people are more prone to perform a specific behaviour when they have the intention to perform it. The theory has many limitations one is that presence or absence of choice can influence behaviour e.g. unable to perform the intention to buy healthy food due to its unavailability in the local store. Ajzen and Madden (1986) modified TRA to TPB, which emphasises that perceived behavioural control influences intention. Goding and Koks review (1996) argued that the efficiency of the theory varies between health-related behaviour categories. TPB model has been applied to childhood obesity prevention programs with results showing both good (Andrews, Silk and Eneli, 2010) and mixed (Fila and Smith, 2006) predictability. The Transtheoretical model (T) proposes that health behaviour change progresses through six stages of change: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination and describes 10 processes that enable this change (Prochaska et al.,1992). The model has been successfully applied in addictive disorders but has limitations when applied in the treatment of eating and weight disorders (Wilson and Schlam, 2004). T has been applied to obesity with studies reporting both good (Sarkin et al., 2001) and poor predictability (Macqueen, Brynes and Frost, 2002 in Wilson and Schlam, 2004). The complex etio-pathogenesis of childhood obesity suggests that Social Ecological (SE) Models may generate creative and lasting solutions (Huang and Glass, 2008). The SE model initiated by Bronfenbrenner (1977) and subsequently developed for understanding obesity by Davison and Birch (2001) and Story et al., (2008) proposes that individuals contribute their cognitions, skills and behaviours, lifestyle, biology and demographics, while surrounded in other circles representing the social, physical and macro-level environments to which they are exposed. Swinburn, Egger and Raza (1999) have described the ANGELO (analysis grid for environments linked to obesity) framework which is an ecological model for understanding environments that are obesogenic. Figure 1. The IOTF model is a SE model and describes societal policies and processes with direct and indirect influences on body weight (Kumanyika et al.,2002) as shown here in Figure 1(above). An ecological approach is also the basis of the Canadian model, Child Health Ecological Surveillance System (CHESS). As illustrated in Appendix 4, it demonstrates a local approach to tackle childhood obesity and has possible global implications (Plotnikoff, 2010). Global, regional and national prevention strategies As part of the response to fight the childhood obesity epidemic, WHO (2004) developed the Global Strategy for Diet, Physical Activity and Health (DPAS) and produced a range of tools to assist Member States and stakeholders to implement DPAS. It emphasised that National plans should have achievable short-term and intermediate goals. A schematic model developed for WHO by Sacks, Swinburn and Lawrence (2009) for implementation and monitoring of DPAS provides the basis for a framework for action and explains how supportive environments, policies and programmes can influence behaviour change in a population and have lasting environmental, social, health and economic benefits. The monitoring and evaluation component provides the foundation for promotion, policy development and action. Figure 2: Implementation framework for the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health. The model emphasises the need of right mix of upstream (socio-ecological) approaches to shape the economic, social and physical (built and natural) environments, midstream ( lifestyle) approaches to directly influence behaviour (reducing energy intake and increasing physical activity), and downstream (health services) approaches to support health services and clinical interventions (Sacks, Swinburn and Lawrence, 2008 in WHO report, 2009). According to WHO (2009), population-based prevention strategies developed in the context of a social determinants-of-health approach and implemented both at the national level and locally in school and community-based programmes will help to change the social norm by encouraging healthy behaviours. Furthermore, transferring the responsibility of tackling health risks from the individual to decision-makers will help to combat associated socio-economic inequalities. In addition, strategies will need coordinated action by multiple stakeholders and effective leadership for success. Surveillance tools for growth assessment recommended by WHO are Child Growth Standards (WHO Reference, 2007) and the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) (WHO, 2009). Key challenges of population based strategies identified by WHO are increasing globalization of food systems that have created economic and social drivers of obesity through changes in food supply and peoples diets, worsening socioeconomic inequalities and tackling obesity in children with physical and/ or mental disabilities. Other important hurdles are poorly designed urbanisation and achieving cost-effectiveness. In this regard, combined approaches that address multiple determinants can improve efficiency of intervention programmes according to a model-based analysis by OECD and WHO (Sassi 2009 in WHO report 2009). The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (WHO 1986) recommends that global prevention strategies should work at multiple settings (e.g. schools, after-school programmes, homes and communities and clinical settings) and use the correct mix of approaches for a given situation along with concern for country- and community-specific factors, such as availability of resources and/or socioeconomic disparities. It emphasises that such strategies must identify and include at-risk groups, set priorities and realistic targets and engage with all stakeholders in a transparent manner. The public should have access to information on partnerships including potential conflicts of interest. Successful implementation and sustenance of such strategies depends on long-term planning, budgeting and identifying cost-effective interventions such as the ACE-Obesity project (Carter et al., 2009). It is also important to dissociate private sector funding from projects that set direction and techniques of such programs by adopting novel funding strategies. The IOTF (2007) have developed in consultation with WHO a set of (Sydney) principles that define the commercial promotions of foods and beverages to children and guide action on changing marketing practices them. The principles aim to ensure a degree of protection for children against obesogenic foods and beverages. The European Union (EU) Member States have adopted the European Charter on Counteracting Obesity (2006), which defines WHO policies and action areas at the local, regional, national and international levels for all interested parties in government and private sectors (e.g. food manufacturers, advertisers and traders) and also organizations of professionals (providers) and consumers (users). Policy strategies emphasise the need to identify and focus on at-risk population groups, set realistic goals, and use efficiently coordinated multiple settings and approaches. They also stress the need for research into all aspects of treatment and prevention methods and develop creative sustainable funding (WHO Europe, 2007). In UK (England), to encourage individual behavioural change, the strategy Healthy Weight, Healthy Lives: A Cross-Government Strategy (DH, 2008) has been developed with emphasis on healthy growth and development of children, promotion of healthier food choices and bringing physical activity into peoples lives by building healthy towns on the EPODE model ( Borys 2006). It also aims to provide personalised advice and support and create incentives to be healthy. Policy drivers include national policy changes (e.g. increased support for monitoring of growth, promotion of breast feeding, bans on unhealthy food advertisements, social marketing campaigns) and changes to the food supply (e.g. development of a healthy food code, front-of-pack labelling, limits on fast-food restaurants near schools and parks, increased supply of fresh fruit and vegetables to stores in deprived areas). Change4Life is the marketing arm of the Governments strategy to stress on prevention through healthier habits from early life (DH, 2009). Other strategies are development of a national physical activity plan in part tied to the 2012 Olympics with the purpose of improving built environments and support more weight management services. The national Government leads the project and provides resources for local authorities, National Health Service (NHS), and community care partnerships. Government agencies and their partners coordinate to raise funds and integrate projects into existing strategies and programmes for cost-effectiveness. Long-term goals include developing a national dialogue on societys response to the epidemic of obesity, provide more support and guidance for PCTs and local authorities and build up skills and capabilities of staff, set aside extra resources and while demonstrating good governance and clear accountability. In Scotland, the Government and Convention of Scottish Local Authorities (COSLA) have developed a Route Map for decision-makers in government to work with their partners, NHS and businesses to develop and deliver lasting solutions to prevent overweight and obesity (Scottish 2010). The Government has targets to reduce the rate of increase in the proportion of children with unhealthy BMI by 2018 but none yet for obesity or weight management. The aim is to reduce energy consumption, increase physical activity, minimise sedentary behaviour, and create positive health behaviour through early life interventions and building healthier work place environments. Policy drivers to manage obesity include HEAT (health, efficiency, access and access target) which measures achievement rates for intervention programmes, Counterweight which is a second-level program to support people who need management of their weight, and Scottish Enhanced Services that provides childhood obesity services in primary and community care settings. To prevent obesity, the Government has developed several initiatives in a framework Lets Make Scotland More Active which is for promoting increased physical activity. Policies to help build healthier lifestyle are the National Food and Drink Policy Recipe for Success, eight Healthy Weight Communities programmes nation-wide, and Seven Smarter Choices Smarter Places to study travel behaviours of communities and their potential to adopt healthier choices. Take Life On is a national social marketing drive that aims to improve diet and fitness of communities and Beyond the School Gate and Scotlands Healthy Weight Outcomes Framework will provide guidance to help create health-promoting communities. In addition, there are several national programs directed to a Greener, Healthier, Smarter, Safer and Stronger Scotland which are likely to have indirect contribution to tackle overweight and obesity. CONCLUSION: The essay emphasises the rapidly increasing burden of childhood obesity with associated population profile changes and increasing social inequalities. It explains the complex multifaceted and interlinked causal pathways that form the obesogenic environment. The author has described community and school-based obesity intervention and prevention programmes and explored the role of research protocols in gathering evidence for such interventions and their usefulness. Various prevention strategies and interventions (singly and in combination) that are in practice and the settings and conditions in which they may be effective are reviewed and compared. Existing global, regional and national prevention and implementation strategies and their need to tackle upstream influences to fight childhood obesity are explained. The present evidence for effective treatment and prevention of childhood obesity is not consistent. It is very difficult to attain significant weight on a long term basis in spite of strenuous efforts it could be that present prescriptions for diet and exercise are not as effective as they need to be; in addition, the adversities in the environment can overwhelm the beneficial effects of techniques used in current intervention techniques. Further research is required to identify realistic options for treatment and best practice procedures for public health policies that are cost-effective, culturally sensitive, deal with upstream influences and address population inequalities. Although numerous school and community based programs are having an impact, there is a need for evidence to evaluate effective social interventions so that social policies direct healthy lifestyle approaches. From the review of available evidence, the author has learnt that policymakers and professiona

Four types of evidence in a criminal investigation Essay

What are the four types of evidence in a criminal investigation? A: Evidence is any actual data (information), which can be presented in various forms. The actual data relevant to the correct resolution of the case can be obtained (determined) by the court by explanations of the parties, third parties and their representatives, testimony, written and material evidence, expert opinions. Basic types of the evidence comprise physical, documentary, demonstrative, and a testimony kind. The evidence is a type of information concerning certain issues received by the investigatory process. Physical evidence is a type of evidence is an actual object that can be touchable and investigated. Documentary evidence can be in the form of a letter, receipt, testaments, etc. Photos and videos or chats can present demonstrative type. Witnesses usually deliver testimony kind of evidence. What are individual characteristics? Give an example of an individual characteristic? A: Individual characteristic is a type of evidence that presents an induvial description of a certain object. Here an expert takes into consideration while examining a certain subject, particularly evidence. All marks, irregular features, and imperfections are taken into account. The DNA can present a bright example of an individual characteristic. DNA profile from a bloodstain can present one of the useful and significant types of evidence in a criminal investigation procedure. What is the difference between individual characteristics and class characteristics? A: An individual characteristic is usually based on the analysis of certain objects. This particular object is investigated, and its main marks and features are described. On the contrary, a class characteristic is a characteristic presenting feature of a certain class of objects. It is related to a certain group. The second type of features, particularly class characteristics turned to be more useful and efficient in the investigatory process, as it enables to receive more data acting according to the exclusion method. What are physical and chemical properties? Give an example of each. A: Each object, particularly evidence, possesses some properties enabling to identify this particular object within a variety of available ones. There two basic type of properties – physical and chemical. Physical properties can be examined without the conduct of any experiments. Moreover, they cannot influence chemical properties of an object. To the physical properties of an object belong, for example, color and smell. Chemical properties can change the chemical features of a matter, and they influence molecular composition. These chemical features can undergo various reactions and change its characteristics. To this group of properties belong, for example, the reactivity of water, the content of liquids in blood, etc. What do forensic scientists do to collect and preserve soil samples? A: The task of forensic scientists is to carefully collect soil samples and take them to the lab, maximally avoiding an influence of external factors. Their samples are very sensitive and specific. The soil is a physical type of evidence, and it can change the influence of various factors. That is why an expert has to be maximally careful to receive exact and credible results. They have to try to maximally preserve the primary features of the evidence. Critical thinking questions Why do you think forensic scientists are so careful that the tests they do are sensitive, reproducible, and specific? What might happen if they were less careful about this? A: In my opinion, the task of the forensic scientists is to be maximally careful to preserve all the chemical data that the soil samples may enable to get. If they are less careful about their samples, the test results may be not very accurate. What is more, the samples may provide no info, which may be useful in the investigatory process. Which type of evidence do you think is most useful in an investigation? Why? A: I believe the most credible and useful type of criminal evidence is a physical sample. Physical evidence includes material objects that have properties that reflect the circumstances of a crime in the form of traces, origin, etc. The information contained in material objects, transmitted through direct perception of the features of the subject is the most credible way to receive data that may apply to the investigatory process. Why do you think that forensic scientists continue to look for class characteristics given their limitations? A: The task of forensic scientists is demands the responsible attitude, as they need to provide the investigatory experts with the data, that may enable them to reveal a crime. A tendency according to which they continue to look for class characteristics given their limitations turned to be the most prolific. The reason for that is simple – it enables to receive the data enabling to find the answer maximally quickly and effectively. For example, the characteristics of various types of guns can be used as a helpful tool in the determination of weapons used by a criminal in the process of committing a crime.

The History of the US Trade Deficit

One measure of a countrys economic health and stability is its balance of trade, which is the difference between the value of imports and the value of exports over a defined period. A positive balance is known as a trade surplus, which is characterized by exporting more (in terms of value) than is imported into the country. A negative balance, which is defined by importing more than is exported, is called a trade deficit or a trade gap. A positive balance of trade or trade surplus is favorable, as it indicates a net inflow of capital from foreign markets into the domestic economy. When a country has a surplus, it also has control over the majority of its currency in the global economy, which reduces the risk of falling currency value.  Although the United States has always been a major player in the international economy, it has suffered a trade deficit for the last several decades. History of the Trade Deficit In 1975, U.S. exports  exceeded imports by $12,400 million, but that would be the last trade surplus the United States would see in the 20th century. By 1987, the American trade deficit had swelled to $153,300 million. The trade gap began sinking in subsequent years as the dollar depreciated and economic growth in other countries led to increased demand for U.S. exports. But the American trade deficit swelled again in the late 1990s. During this period, the U.S. economy  was once again growing faster than the economies of Americas major trading partners, and Americans consequently were buying foreign goods at a faster pace than people in other countries were buying American goods. The financial crisis in Asia sent currencies in that part of the world plummeting, making their goods much cheaper in relative terms than American goods. By 1997, the American trade deficit  hit $110,000 million and heading higher. Trade Deficit Interpreted American officials have viewed the U.S. trade balance with mixed feelings. Over the last several decades, inexpensive imports  have aided in the prevention of inflation, which some policymakers once viewed as a possible threat to the U.S. economy in the late 1990s. At the same time, many Americans worried that this new surge of imports would damage domestic industries. The American steel industry, for instance, was worried about a rise in imports of low-priced steel as foreign producers turned to the United States after Asian demand shriveled. Although foreign lenders were generally more than happy to provide the funds Americans needed to finance their trade deficit, U.S. officials worried (and continue to worry) that at some point those same investors might grow wary. If investors in American debt change their investing behavior, the impact would be detrimental to the American economy as the value of the dollar is driven down, U.S. interest rates  are forced higher, and economic activity is stifled.

Physical Assessment On The Basis Of Comfort, Health...

The author of this paper, critique her last physical assessment on the basis of comfort, health promotion and health prevention. In this paper writer divide each segment and in the first portion explain about the physical environment and its relation to the comfort of a patent and explains about the writers experience. In following sections writer describes about health promotion, prevention and health professionals role and pronounces clinician’s practice with the writer. In the final section writer critique about closing encounter and concluded with recommendation that. Physician needs to be more culturally competent and sensitive and staffing issues needs to be addressed and resolved. Critique of the last Physical Assessment Physical Environment and Comfort The physical environment and the arch technic design of a health facility has significant impact on comfort, safety, human performance and increased effectiveness of care (Reiling, Hughes, Murphy, n.d.). 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